Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research

Insights on the utilization of protein alternative maggot (Hermetia illucens) and earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) as feed in poultry: A review

2025-11-01T20:47:19+02:00

The poultry industry is continuously seeking sustainable, nutritionally balanced, and cost-effective feed ingredients to improve production efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Maggot (Hermetia illucens) and earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) have emerged as promising alternative animal protein sources due to their high-quality protein, balanced essential amino acids, beneficial fatty acids, and bioactive compounds that support growth performance, gut health, and immune function in poultry. Their cultivation also utilizes organic waste substrates, contributing to waste reduction and the development of a circular bioeconomy. This review synthesizes scientific findings on the nutritional characteristics, processing methods, and practical applications of maggots and earthworms in poultry feed formulations. Literature analysis indicates that these alternative proteins can enhance feed conversion ratio, carcass quality, and overall production performance when incorporated at optimal inclusion levels. Nonetheless, variations in nutrient composition, potential microbial contamination, and limited consumer acceptance remain key challenges. Further research is recommended to develop standardized rearing and processing protocols, ensure feed safety, and evaluate long-term effects on poultry productivity and product quality.

Case report: Natural birth of quadruplet calves from an ongole grade cow in Central Java

2025-11-15T19:17:23+02:00

This case report documents a rare instance of natural quadruplet birth in a five years old Ongole-grade cow owned by a smallholder farmer in Sidomulyo Village, Rembang, Central Java. On May 17, 2025, the cow delivered four calves one male and three females without the need for surgical intervention. The delivery was facilitated by a local veterinarian and a livestock officer. Although all calves were born alive, their birth weights were low, attributed to intrauterine crowding. Postpartum care for the cow included nutritional support and veterinary monitoring. Despite these interventions, all calves and the dam succumbed within a week. This case underscores the significant risks associated with multiple births in cattle under smallholder conditions and highlights the urgent need for enhanced management practices, veterinary support, and policy attention to avert similar outcomes in the future.

Synergistic effects of noni fruit extract, copper, and zinc encapsulated on immunity, protein digestibility, and growth performance in broiler

2025-09-09T18:49:22+03:00

This research sought to explore the combined effects of noni fruit extract, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) encapsulation on immunity, protein digestibility, and growth performance of broiler chickens. The research used 200 Ross broilers involved, each eight days old and weighing an average of 233.69±7.47 g, which were split into four separate feeding groups, each one being repeated five times. The dietary treatments included T0 (control diet), T1 (T0 + 0.06% noni fruit extract, Cu, and Zn encapsulation), T2 (T0 + 0.12% noni fruit extract, Cu, and Zn encapsulation), and T3 (T0 + 0.18% noni fruit extract, Cu, and Zn encapsulation). ANOVA was administered for statistical analysis, followed by Duncan’s test at 0.05 probability. The findings indicated that the inclusion of encapsulated noni fruit extract with Cu and Zn at the T2 level significantly (P<0.05) increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, protein digestibility, thymus relative weight, and daily body weight gain (DBWG), while reducing intestinal pH, E. coli counts, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison with control groups (T0). However, no significant effect (P>0.05) was noted on daily feed intake or the relative weights of the bursa Fabricius and spleen. In conclusion, the incorporation of 0.12% noni fruit extract, Cu, and Zn encapsulation improved intestinal bacterial balance, immunological balance, protein digestibility, and growth performance in broiler chickens.

Effect of liquid extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves on broiler performance, digestive tract size and immune response under high stocking density

2025-09-09T18:53:55+03:00

This study aimed to examine the effects of administration of a liquid extract of pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) added to commercial rations on the performance, size of digestive tract and immune response of broiler chickens. The materials used in this study were 280 broiler chickens aged 8-35 days with an average initial weight of 118.15±0.65 grams (density of 16 chickens/m²) and Pandan Leaf Liquid Extract (PLLE). The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with PLLE administration levels (control, 30, 60, 90, and 120 ml/kg) with four replications. The parameters observed were the performance, digestive tract size, and lymphoid organs. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with a 5% accuracy level and Duncan’s test at a 5% level. The results showed that the administration of PLLE at a level–30-120 ml/kg significantly improved (P < 0.05) feed intake, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, live weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, and relative weight of lymphoid organs. Using PLLE, we were able to maintain digestive tract size in the form of duodenum and jejunum relative weight, duodenum and jejunum relative length, and duodenum weight/length ratio. Administration of PLLE at a dosage of 120 ml/kg is optimal for enhancing the performance, size of digestive tract and immune response of broiler chickens raised under high-density conditions.

Changes in water activity, free fatty acids, peroxide number, fat content, moisture content, color, and appearance of beef sausage with corn oil replacement and sodium erythorbate addition during storage period

2025-09-25T19:24:01+03:00

Sausage is widely recognized as a popular processed meat product in contemporary society. The oil frequently used in emulsions is palm oil which is high in saturated fatty acids. To develop a healthier alternative, corn oil replacement process was implemented in the sausage formulation. This study aims to identify the changes in water activity, peroxide number, free fatty acids, fat content, moisture content, color, and appearance in beef sausage with corn oil replacement and the addition of sodium erythorbate during storage period. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software and presented in a two-dimensional line graph included with trendline, linear equation, and correlation coefficient (R²) to observe the changes in parameters over the storage period. The results indicated that the water activity of the sausage ranged from 0.716 - 0.791; free fatty acids ranged from 0.63% - 1.00%; peroxide number ranged from 0.012 meq/kg - 0.053 meq/kg; fat content ranged from 10.17% - 14.70%; and moisture content ranged from 11.86% - 15.26%. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the addition of sodium erythorbate into beef sausage inhibits the rate of fat oxidation during storage. This conclusion is supported by the changes in peroxide number, free fatty acids, and fat content that varied among treatments. Throughout the storage period, the addition of sodium erythorbate positively affected the oxidative stability of beef sausage with corn oil replacement.

Activity and crowing frequency of Ayam Kokok Balenggek from West Sumatra by using and without perch

2025-09-30T18:53:47+03:00

Animal conservation is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a genetic resource, one of which is namely Ayam Kokok Balenggek (AKB). AKB is a unique and distinctive crowing sound from West Sumatra, Indonesia, often featured in contests. This study aims to investigate the activities and crowing frequencies of AKB by using and without perch. The total eight mature male AKBs aged 1.5 and 2 years used in this study. The samples were divided into 2 categories based on the class in the AKB contest, namely the ‘landik’ and ‘boko’ categories The variables included eight activities and crowing frequency. The data analysis in this study was descriptive statistical analysis and the crowing frequency was subjected to a t-test analysis. The t-test results on the crowing frequency of the ‘landik’ and ‘Boko’ classes of AKB between perched and without perched was a highly significant difference (P<0.01). The results revealed that when perched, AKB exhibited 13% crowing activity, 17% wing flapping, and 34% feather pecking, which was notably higher compared to when they were without perched. The crowing frequency significantly (P˂0.01) distinct of Boko class AKBs when perched was 36% higher compared to without perches, while the landik class was 59% higher than without perches. The crowing activity and frequency, wing flapping, feather pecking, and frequency of AKB are higher when they are perched. The information from the study is an attempt to converse AKB with a unique sound and will be used as a guide when AKB contests are implemented.

Nyamplung seed cake as a dietary supplement for dairy goats: In vitro digestibility and fermentability analysis

2025-09-30T18:57:17+03:00

The crude oil industry derived from Nyamplung seeds (Calophyllum inophyllum) in Indonesia is rapidly developing. A byproduct of crude oil industry from Nyamplung seed is called Nyamplung Seed Cake (NSC). This research was undertaken to examine the biochemical constituents and in vitro digestibility and fermentability analysis of NSC, alongside the effects of NSC supplementation on dairy goat feed. In terms of biochemical composition, NSC exhibited 90.59% dry matter, 84.87% organic matter, 21.93% crude protein, 6.70% ether extract, 10.07% hemicellulose, 42.32% neutral detergent fiber, and 32.25% acid detergent fiber. Regarding secondary plant metabolites, NSC contained a total flavonoid content of 1.65%, 6.58% total phenols, and 0.87% saponins. The total tannin content in NSC was 0.95%, comprising 0.44% condensed tannins and 0.44% hydrolyzable tannins. NSC supplementation at 15% and 20% resulted in dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and fermentation metrics similar to those of standard feed. Meanwhile, supplementation at the level of 25% significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter to 77.38% and the digestibility of organic matter to 74.99% and produced the lowest methane emission of 48,756.06 ppm compared with other feed treatments. This study concluded that the addition of NSC to dairy goat feed improved feed digestibility and lowered methane emissions without negatively affecting rumen digestion. This study supports the use of NSC as a substitute for protein source diet ingredients in dairy goat feed, recommending its inclusion at levels of up to 25% of the total ration.

Analysis of Gayo horse reproductive performance as a local livestock genetic resource in Aceh Province to characterize reproductive efficiency

2025-09-30T18:58:03+03:00

This study aimed to determine strategies for future Gayo horse development by examining the reproduction of the Gayo horse breed, which runs in the Gayo highland. The study was conducted in the regencies of Central Aceh, Bener Meriah, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh in Aceh Province. A survey methodology was used. The study sites were selected due to the importance of the Gayo horse as a genetic resource, 112 Gayo horses were used as research samples. Some of the data required for this study were reproductive performance variables such as (1) age at first mating, (2) gestation period, (3) calving interval, and (4) postpartum mating. This study found that Gayo horses have a high reproductive rate. The average age of first mating ranged from 30 to 46 months, with a mean time span of 39.51 ± 84.49 months. Gestation averaged 339.38 ± 7.88 days, with a range of 333 to 347 days. The average calving interval was 425.78 ± 38.15 days, with a range of 370 to 495 days. The average postpartum mating interval was 134.74 ± 23.70 days, with a range of 123-150 days.

Porang flour functions as a plant-based hydrocolloid to improve technofunctional and sensory properties in duck meatball processing

2025-09-30T19:01:40+03:00

The application of plant-based hydrocolloids in processed meat products has gained increasing attention due to growing consumer demand for clean-label and functional food ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of porang flour (Amorphophallus muelleri) as a natural hydrocolloid on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of duck meatballs. Duck meatballs were prepared with varying concentrations of porang flour (0, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%) and compared with a control sample using agar powder as a binder. The results showed that the addition of porang flour led to a slight, non-significant increase in water content, while significantly improving cooking yield and water-binding capacity, particularly at 2% and 2.5% concentrations (p < 0.05). Texture profile analysis revealed that the porang flour enhanced hardness and cohesiveness without affecting springiness or adhesiveness. Sensory evaluation indicated that chewy texture improved significantly with higher porang levels, while other organoleptic attributes such as umami taste, fishy smell, and brown color remained unaffected. Hedonic testing showed moderate to high acceptance across all treatments, with no significant differences among formulations. Porang flour has shown significant promise as a clean-label binding agent in the production of duck meatballs, enhancing yield, water retention, and texture while maintaining sensory quality. These results endorse the application of porang flour as a functional, plant-based hydrocolloid for creating sustainable and consumer-friendly meat products.

Microbiological characteristics of tofu waste fermented with variations in microbial consortium and starter levels

2025-10-05T16:27:17+03:00

Feed as a source of livestock nutrients often experiences fluctuations in price and quality. Feed optimization can be achieved by seeking alternative, affordable feed sources such as processed tofu dregs to enhance its utility. The fermentation method using a consortium of microbes like fermented vegetable extract (FVE) 2019, tape yeast, and tempeh yeast is expected to work synergistically to improve the quality and utility of tofu dregs. This research aims to determine the effect of using variations of microbial consortia and different starter levels on the microbiological characteristics of tofu dregs. This study used a completely randomized design with a 3 × 7 factorial pattern and 3 replications. The first factor was the combination of microbial consortia, namely K0 (100% FVE-2019), K1 (50% FVE-2019 + 50% tape yeast), K2 (50% FVE-2019 + 50% tempeh yeast), K3 (50% FVE-2019 + 25% tape yeast + 25% tempeh yeast), K4 (40% FVE-2019 + 30% tape yeast + 30% tempeh yeast), K5 (100% tape yeast), K6 (100% tempeh yeast). The second factor was the starter levels: A1 (3%), A2 (4%), and A3 (5%). Data were analyzed using ANOVA test at 5% and Duncan’s significant test at 5% level. The parameters observed in this study were microbiological performance and organoleptic. The conclusion of this study is FVE-2019 and tempeh yeast at a 5% level in fermentation was proven to improve the microbiological characteristics in terms of high LAB counts and the suitability of tofu waste, making it a potential source of functional feed ingredients.

Effect of calf starter substitution in lactating dairy cow concentrate on feed efficiency and feed cost of weaned female Holstein Friesian calves

2025-10-05T16:28:03+03:00

Analyzing feed efficiency and feed cost of weaned female Holstein Friesian (HF) calves fed with lactation cow concentrates with different levels of calf starter substitution was the aim of this study. Four weaned female HF calves (aged 4-5 months, average weight of 101.38 ± 14.21 kg) were used for research material. Feeds were calf starter (CS), lactating dairy cow concentrate (LDCC) and elephant grass. The study used a Latin square design, 4 concentrate treatments, i.e. 75% CS + 25% LDCC (P1), 50% CS + 50% LDCC (P2), 25% CS + 75% LDCC (P3), 100% LDCC (P4); 4 replications in 4 periods (each period in 1 month). The concentrate (in dry matter) was given 1% BW; forage and drinking water were based on ad libitum basis. The research parameters were average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE) and feed cost per gain (FC/G). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The treatments had no effect on the parameters (p>0.05). Feed efficiency at P2 = 19.77%; P3 = 17.86%; P1 = 16.71% and P4 = 15.92%. Feed cost per gain at P3 = Rp. 29,363/kg ADG; P2 = IDR 30,492/kg ADG; P4 = IDR 30,800/kg ADG and P1 IDR 33,927/kg ADG. The conclusion was that with sufficient quality forage feed, using 100% LDCC to weaned female HF calves could result in FE and FC/G that was similar with the substitution of CS (25-75%) in LDCC.

The effect of encapsulated Japanese Papaya leaf extract supplementation in diets on protein digestibility, immunity, and performance of broiler chickens

2025-10-05T16:29:01+03:00

The research propose to evaluate the impact of addition encapsulated Japanese papaya leaf extract (EEDPJ) to diets on protein digestibility, health status, and broiler performance. This study used 200 unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens with fully randomized design, four treatments, five repetitions, and each comprising 10 birds. The treatments were as follows: T0, basal diet (control); T1, basal diet + 0.09% Japanese papaya leaf extract (EDPJ); T2, basal diet + 0.03% EEDPJ; T3, basal diet + 0.06% EEDPJ and T4, basal diet + 0.09% EEDPJ. Measurement the parameters using total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total coliforms, small intestine pH, protein digestibility, lymphoid organ weight, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Data analysis used variance analysis and Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 5% significance. Supplementation with EEDPJ gives effect to led a significant improvement (P<0.05) in daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), lactic acid bacteria population, coliform count, intestinal pH, relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and protein digestibility. In contrast, not significantly influenced (P>0.05) on daily feed intake and thymus weight. In inclusion, the addition of 0.06% EEDPJ in the diet enhanced protein digestibility, strengthened immune response, and improved the broiler chickens growth performance.

Potential of clove stem essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum l.) As herbal medicine for antimicrobial resistance agents in livestock: GC-MS analysis and in silico study on safabl protein

2025-10-05T16:29:43+03:00

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cases in husbandry animals continue to increase. Antibiotic residues in livestock products are one of the causes of MRSA cases in humans. The use of natural antimicrobials is an alternative in livestock. Clove stem essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) has been used conventionally as an antimicrobial. CSEO shows inhibitory action against MRSA. One of the mechanisms is inhibiting the SaFabl protein in the biosynthesis of lipid acids in the bacterial cell wall. This study aimed to analyze Sulawesi's CSEO (Zanzibar variety) content and predict its compounds' activity against SaFabl proteins. Samples were harvested and then hydrodistilled. GC-MS carried out compound analysis. All components of CSEO content were expected to have activity against SaFabl through docking simulations using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) version 5.5. The findings of this study indicate that CSEO from Sulawesi consists of three main components, namely eugenol, caryophyllene, and humulene. Meanwhile, one of the minor components is methyl 10,12-heptadecadiynoate. Docking validation has an RMSD value of 2.04+0.11. The docking results show that methyl 10,12-heptadecadiynoate is more active than chloramphenicol as a control drug, but lower than NADP as a native ligand. Methyl 10,12-heptadecadiynoate acts on the SaFabl protein by forming a hydrogen bond at the amino acid residue Val67 and two steric bonds at Val67 and Thr146. In conclusion, CSEO can potentially be a herbal medicine candidate as an antimicrobial resistance agent in husbandry animals. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate its antibacterial efficacy against microbial resistance.

Physicochemical and microbial evaluation of Kefir produced with sesame seed (Sesamum indicum l) extract as a goat milk substitute

2025-10-05T16:30:38+03:00

Kefir is one of traditional beverage made by milk fermentation using kefir grain. Kefir can be produced with the addition or substitution with plant based ingredients to enhance it nutritional and functional properties. the objective of this research to investigate the influence of substituting with various concentration of sesame seed extract on physicochemical and microbiological characteristic of kefir goat milk. The present study was consisting of five concentrations of sesame seed extract (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) using completely randomized design. The parameter assessed were pH, syneresis, WHC, total Lactic Acid Bacterial (LAB) count, total yeast count and antibacterial activity (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The experimental data statically analyzed using analysis of variance and followed with Duncan test. The result indicated that increasing sesame seed extract causes decrease in pH and water holding capacity while syneresis increased. The finding of the research revealed that with increasing the sesame seed concentration resulted in reduction of pH and WHC while increased syneresis of kefir. Total LAB increase until 40% substitution of sesame seed extract (15.73x 10⁶CFU/g) and total yeast count fluctuated among treatment with the highest yeast in 20% substitution (25.43 x 10⁶CFU/g). Kefir with sesame seed extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus with the highest activity from substitution 30% (E. coli: 2.15cm) and 40% (S. aureus: 2,18cm). Thus, sesame seed extract demonstrated for substituting goat milk for making kefir with optimal concentration level extract 30-40%.

Genetic polymorphisms of the Olfactomedin-like 3 gene and their association with cholesterol content, mineral composition, flavor and odor in Indonesian local sheep

2025-10-05T16:31:32+03:00

Cholesterol content, minerals composition, flavor, and odor of sheep meat are always key factors for consumers to consider when choosing meat. The quality of sheep meat influences these aspects; otherwise, they are important to consumers when selecting good-quality beef. Thus, genetic improvement programs oriented toward increasing minerals and flavor in sheep meat and decreasing cholesterol are programs to increase consumer interest in these products. The Olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) gene may serve as a genetic marker that influences cholesterol, mineral, flavor, and olfactory qualities in local sheep raised in Indonesia. This research was conducted to analyze this relationship and investigate variations in the OLFML3 gene, as well as the levels or contents of cholesterol, minerals composition, flavor, and odor in local sheep in Indonesia. This research analyzed longissimus dorsi muscle samples derived from 100 male sheep (10-12 months old). Genotyping of the OLFML3|MspI locus was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, with association analyses conducted via the General Linear Model (GLM) methodology. Three distinct genotypes (CC, TT, and CT) were identified at the OLFML3 gene. Statistical evaluation revealed significant genotype effects on cholesterol concentration (P < 0.05), while statistically insignificant associations were detected for minerals, flavor, and odor (P > 0.05). The TT genotype in sheep was associated with significantly lower cholesterol concentrations than the CC and CT genotypes. The Olfactomedin-like 3 gene’s g.90317673 C>T SNP is a candidate genetic marker for low-cholesterol trait selection in Indonesian local sheep.

Screening leptin gene target for PCR-RFLP and heterosis value in crossbred cattle

2025-09-09T18:54:42+03:00

Crossbreeding enhances the genetic potential of livestock, with Brahman Cross cattle excel in adaptability, while Belgian Blue crossbred and Galician Blonde Crossbred exhibit superior growth. This study aimed to analyze single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in the leptin gene, identify appropriate restriction enzymes, evaluate heterosis effects, and assess the association with growth traits in Brahman Cross, Belgian Blue crossbred, and Galician Blonde crossbred cattle. A total of 115 cattle were genotyped, consisting of 10 Brahman Cross, 20 Galician Blonde Crossbred, and 85 Belgian Blue crossbred. Blood samples were collected, and DNA was extracted. Amplification DNA of the leptin gene were performed using PCR method. The SNP analysis revealed that Belgian Blue crossbred has highest SNPs (17 SNPs) than Galician Blonde crossbred (9 SNPs) and Brahman Cross (10 SNPs) from a total of 25 SNPs. The BmgBI restriction enzyme was spesific for Belgian Blue Crossbred genotyping, and HindIII restriction enzyme was selected as a candidate marker for genotyping bethween Brahman Cross, Galacian Blonde crossbred, and Belgian Blue crossbred. The association of genotype and growth trait in Brahman Cross cattle was not significant. The TC genotype in Belgian Blue crossbred showed superior growth traits at birth, weaning, and one year of age. Meanwhile, the CC genotype in Galician Blonde crossbred was associated with better performance than the other genotypes. The heterosis analysis revealed that Belgian Blue crossbred displayed a higher heterosis effect compared to Galician Blonde crossbred. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations from this study contribute to a better understanding of variation in crossbred cattle in Indonesia. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic structure of the leptin gene and lay the foundation for marker assisted selection strategies.

Association and expression study of PCYOX1 Gene with flavor odor in Indonesian sheep

2025-10-05T16:32:34+03:00

Sheep meat is experiencing increasing global demand, making product quality enhancements through flavors or odors essential. The PCYOX1 gene and its role in the development of sheep meat sensory characteristics of flavors and odor have been identified. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze species polymorphisms of the PCYOX1 gene and their relationships with flavor and odor traits in sheep. A total of 85 rams ranging from 10 to 12 months from Javanese Thin-Tailed Sheep (JTTS) and Jonggol Sheep (JS) were utilized. The species of the PCYOX1 gene were analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The relationship of phenotypes of flavor & odor by gene polymorphisms with the general linear model (GLM). The results showed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation g.37912033 G>A occurring with genotypes AA, AG, and GG. The study of associations demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) relationship between SNP of the PCYOX1 gene with odor-flavor compounds involving 4-methyl-octanoic acid (MOA) & 4-methyl-nonanoic acid (MNA). Results indicated the AG genotype was associated with lower flavor odor intensity compared to genotypes AA and GG. The results indicated that PCYOX1 might be a potential candidate for breeding sheep with better flavor and odor, which could probably increase their quality as well as economic value in the meat trade.

Non genetic analysis on reproductive traits of Garut sheep

2025-10-05T16:33:28+03:00

The influence of non-genetic factors on the reproductive traits of sheep is used as the basis of information to design the sustainability of Garut sheep development. Reproductive traits is key factor of productify and eficiency of Garut Sheep. The aim of this study was to analyze non genetic factors on reproductive traits of Garut sheep in Unit of the Margawati Garut Sheep and Goat Development Center (UPTD BPPTDK) Margawati. Reproductive traits data from 4,246 Garut lambs were collected at UPTD BPPTDK Margawati during the period 2021–2024. The reproductive traits analyzed included litter size, preweaning mortality, and pregnancy rate. These data were obtained from 1,703 Garut ewes, 53 Garut rams, and 2,490 Garut lambs. Non genetic factors examined included year, type of birth, seasons, and parity. The reproductive traits data were analyzed using Univariat General Linear Model (GLM). Year had significantly (P<0,01) impact on preweaning mortality rates and pregnancy rates and had significantly (P<0,05) effects on litter size. Parity significantly (P<0,01) influenced pregnancy rates. Type of birth significantly (P<0,01) affected preweaning mortality rates. Season did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on litter size, preweaning mortality, and pregnancy rate. All non genetic factors except seasons affects on reproductive traits in Garut sheep. It can be concluded that analyzing non-genetic factors affecting the reproductive traits of Garut sheep can provide valuable insights for improving management practices and developing more effective sheep breeding programs. .

The practice of profit-sharing system (Maambi) in goat farming in Polewali Mandar district

2025-10-05T16:34:15+03:00

This study examined goat profit-sharing practices (Maambi) in Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi, using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation, while the sample was determined using purposive stratified sampling in four main subdistricts—Campalagian, Balanipa, Limboro, and Tinambung—with a total of 20 respondents (13 farmers and 7 capital owners). Income analysis was conducted by calculating the difference between revenue and costs, then assessing the 50/50, 60/40, 70/30 profit-sharing patterns and additional models. The results show that the 50/50 scheme is the most balanced, while 60/40 and 70/30 are more profitable for capital owners, and the additional model gives a larger share to farmers. In general, Maambi is able to increase farmers' income by 30–50% while strengthening trust, solidarity, and cooperation. However, practices based on verbal agreements still pose challenges such as weak supervision, unclear division of responsibilities, and uneven distribution of risk.

Effects of encapsulated Peperomia pellucida extract on growth performance, health status, and protein digestibility of broiler under high stocking density

2025-10-05T16:35:08+03:00

This study examined how adding Peperomia pellucida extract affects growth performance, health status, and protein digestibility of broiler under high stocking density. A total of 290 Ross strain broiler chickens, each 8 days old and weighing approximately 205.63 ± 2.65 g, were used in this study. Their diets included yellow corn, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal, limestone, premix, lysine, and methionine. This study used a random design with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were: T0 (normal space with 10 bird/m² without Peperomia pellucida extract (PPE) or encapsulated Peperomia pellucida extract (EPPE)), T1 (high stocking density/HSD with 16 bird/m² without PPE/EPPE), T2 (HSD with 16 bird/m² plus 0.4% PPE), and T3 (HSD with 16 bird/m² plus 0.4% EPPE). They measured the total lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, small intestine pH, oxidative status (malonylaldehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), protein digestibility, and performance (feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio). They used analysis of variance at a 5% significance level and Duncan's test when treatment effects were significant (p<0.05). The results showed that adding PPE or EPPE to the diet significantly affected (p<0.05) the total bacteria, pH of the small intestine, oxidative status, protein digestibility, and performance of broiler under high stocking density. The study concluded that adding 0.4% EPPE to the diet can improve small intestine bacteria, maintain oxidative balance, and boost protein use and performance in broiler under high stocking density.

Evaluation of Medinilla speciosa fruit as natural feed additive for poultry through inhibition, resistance and antioxidant capacity tests

2025-10-16T18:47:14+03:00

The study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of encapsulated Medinilla speciosa extract against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella, pH and bile salt resistance and antioxidant capacity (total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants) in vitro. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, while freeze drying technique was done using freeze dryer. The main ingredients used were encapsulated Medinilla speciosa fruit extract (EMSFE) and maltodextrin solution (MS). The research design used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The levels of encapsulated Medinilla speciosa fruit extract included concentrations L-=100 (MS), L+=100 (EMSFE), L1=25 (EMSFE): 75 (MS), L2 = 50 (EMSFE): 50 (MS) and L3 = 75 (EMSFE): 25 (MS). Parameters measured included Escherichia coli and Salmonella inhibition, pH and bile salt resistance and antioxidant capacity (total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants). Data were processed using variance analysis at 5% real level, if significant effect, Duncan test was conducted at 5% level. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of encapsulated Medinilla speciosa extract had a significant effect (p<0.05) on Escherichia coli and Salmonella inhibition, pH and bile salt resistance and antioxidant capacity (total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants) in vitro. It was concluded that Medinilla speciosa extract encapsulated with a concentration of 75%:25% (L3) is able to pass through exposure to pepsin-HCl and bile salts and has a high inhibition zone against pathogenic bacteria and a mixture of Medinilla speciosa extract and maltodextrin solution can be used as a natural feed additive for poultry.

Application of principal component factor analysis to identify key morphological traits in Garut ewes

2025-10-16T18:48:32+03:00

This research utilized principal component factor analysis (PCA) to pinpoint significant morphological characteristics affecting the body structure of Garut ewes, a native Indonesian breed crucial for smallholder agriculture. The study analyzed data from 85 mature ewes, focusing on body weight (BW) and six linear measurements: body length (BL), chest depth (CD), chest girth (CG), rump width (RW), rump height (RH), and withers height (WH). Descriptive statistics indicated moderate variability in BW (mean = 47.84 kg, CV = 3.75%) and greater variation in skeletal traits (RH and WH CV > 20%). Correlation analysis revealed notable relationships between BW and BL (*r* = 0.294) and RW (*r* = 0.296), with RW and WH showing the strongest correlation (*r* = 0.429). PCA reduced dimensionality, with PC1 (35.7% variance) heavily loading on RW (0.776), WH (0.665), and RH (0.622), highlighting their significance in structural size. Regression models showed that PCA-derived components (PC1 and PC2) were more effective than individual traits, accounting for 52% of BW variability compared to just 9% for BL alone. These results emphasize the value of multivariate analysis in breeding programs, suggesting that composite indices (e.g., PC1 as a "size" factor) improve prediction accuracy over single-trait methods. Focusing on RW, WH, and RH in selection could boost productivity, while PC-based models provide practical BW estimation tools for resource-constrained farms. This study highlights the significance of integrated morphological analysis for the sustainable management of Garut sheep.

Ascophyllum nodosum as a growth promoter in poultry: Meta-analysis

2025-10-16T18:50:32+03:00

The increasing global demand for protein demand for efficient and sustainable strategies in poultry industry. One of the latest advancements is the use of seaweeds as economic feed for poultry. The seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, a brown seaweed has much potential due to its bio-active compounds and aid body weight growth in poultry. This meta-analysis examines its efficiency in terms of body weight across the species of broiler and age groups. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across NCBI (521 results) and Google Scholar (2,480 results), with studies screened for relevance based on inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Using 27 unique study point from the finalized literature, standard mean differences (Hedges’ d) were calculated to assess the effect size. The meta-analysis revealed a robust and significant positive effect of A. nodosum supplementation on poultry body weight, with a pooled effect size of d = 1.705 (95% CI: 0.907 to 2.503, p < 0.001). A high heterogeneity was observed (I² = 98.85%, Q = 2254.834, p < 0.001). Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation significantly enhance broiler body weight. However, further studies are needed to explore factors influencing its efficacy, such as environmental conditions, management, and extracts.

Meta-analysis: Transport stress in goats alters body weight patterns across breeds and genders

2025-10-16T18:51:40+03:00

Goat farming relies on sustainable reliable production systems to ensure an economically favourable supply of products. One of the major challenges to goat farming systems is the stress induced by transportation that leads to loss of considerable body weight. This meta-analysis study aims to explore the gender-specific and breed-specific responses to transportation stress in goats. The analysis relies on 25 study observations with various breeds and conditions. By use of Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs), and effect sizes, the study explores the breed and gender-specific responses. The overall SMD for body weight is observed to be (–1.158; 95% CI: –1.645 to –0.671; p < 0.001). The Sub-group analysis for breed-specific response showed the breed Boerka (SMD = –3.401) and Anpera (SMD = –1.491) experienced the most weight loss, while Osmanabadi goats were largely unaffected. Gender differences were also evident, with females (SMD = –2.692) showing more pronounced weight loss than males (SMD = –0.855). These findings can help to improve the transportation strategy and overall animals welfare.

Effect of encapsulated Amomum compactum waste extract and Lactobacillus plantarum on immune system, protein digestibility and performance of broiler chicken

2025-10-16T18:53:43+03:00

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of encapsulated Amomum compactum waste extract and Lactobacillus plantarum in diet on the immune system, protein digestibility, and performance of broiler chickens. There were 200 8-day-old unsexed broilers (Ross 308) with an average initial weight of 217.22 ± 5.58 g were included to the encapsulated Amomum compactum waste extract-Lactobacillus plantarum named EAWE-Lp and assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates (10 chicks each). The treatments were T0 basal diet (BD), T1 BD+ EAWE-Lp 0.3%, T2 BD+EAWE-Lp 0.6%, and T3 BD+EAWE-Lp 0.9%. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the impact of the treatment, followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% significance level. The result indicated that the dietary encapsulated Amomum compactum waste extract and Lactobacillus plantarum influenced (P<0.05) several criteria such as the total count of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total Coliform, pH of small intestine, the relative weights of the bursa fabricius, spleen, and thymus, the heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, protein digestibility, daily feed intake (DFI), daily body weight gain (DBWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The study concludes that addition of encapsulated Amomum compactum waste extract and Lactobacillus plantarum level of 0.6% (T2) in the diet can improve the immune system, protein digestibility, and performance in broiler chickens.

Effect of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) addition on the physical, chemical and hedonic properties of peas-based meatballs in comparison with conventional meatball

2025-10-16T18:55:10+03:00

Vegetable proteins, such as those derived from peas (Pisum sativum L.), lack a naturally fibrous structure, resulting in a texture that differs significantly from conventional meat when processed into meat analogues like meatballs. Seaweed, known for its structural complexity and dietary fiber content, was explored in this study as a functional ingredient to enhance the texture and overall quality of pea-based meatballs. The objective was to evaluate the effects of seaweed flour addition on the physical, chemical, sensory, and preference properties of these plant-based products. Seaweed was added at concentrations of 0, 1, 1.5, and 2% (w/w) into a mixture of meatball (pea paste, tapioca, and spices). Conventional beef meatballs were used as the control. The samples were evaluated for moisture, protein, fat content, water holding capacity, cooking loss, textural attributes (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness), crude fiber, yield, sensory quality, and consumer preference. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that seaweed flour addition up to 2% significantly increased the moisture and protein contents, WHC, texture parameters, yield, and fiber content, while reducing cooking loss compared to the control pea-based meatballs, with no significant effect on fat content (p > 0.05). Compared to beef meatballs, pea-based meatballs had lower values in most quality parameters but showed higher hardness, springiness, adhesiveness, and fiber. PCA confirmed distinct characteristics between pea- and beef-based meatballs, in agreement with the ANOVA findings.

Sustainable valorization of poultry by-products: Optimized extraction of gelatin from chicken feet using acid treatments

2025-10-16T18:56:25+03:00

Chicken feet, a major by-product of poultry slaughterhouses, are underutilized despite their high collagen content, which can be converted into gelatin. This study aimed to optimize gelatin extraction from chicken feet using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and phosphoric acid through Response Surface Methodology (RSM), focusing on yield, pH, lightness (L*), and viscosity. Extraction conditions were varied by acid concentration and soaking duration. Results showed that prolonged extraction time significantly improved yield, while excessively high acid concentrations led to over-hydrolysis and reduced recovery. Optimized conditions for HCl were achieved at 2.09% concentration and 19.11 h soaking time with a yield of 8.45% (desirability 0.986), while phosphoric acid achieved optimal results at 11.06% and 21.51 h with a yield of 8.61% (desirability 1.00). Gelatin quality was strongly affected by pH, where near-neutral conditions enhanced structural stability. Lightness decreased with extended soaking, whereas viscosity was higher in phosphoric acid treatment compared to HCl. This research highlights the sustainable valorization of poultry by-products into value-added gelatin, supporting circular economy principles and offering an alternative source of functional biopolymer for food applications.

Fermentability and total digestible nutrients of Pennisetum purpureum cv mott supplemented with buffalo rumen content as probiotic and various level of readily available carbohydrate in balibul sheep in vitro

2025-10-28T18:03:33+03:00

The purpose of the study was to produce probiotic origin from buffalo rumen-contents enriched with N, S, P, and cassava flour as a source of readily available carbohydrate (RAC) to increase fermentability and energy production of Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott grass in the rumen of balibul sheep. Materials used in this study were Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott grass, buffalo rumen-contents, elements N, S and P and cassava flour. The study was conducted in vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. Variables measured were total volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH3) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Results of the study showed that supplementation of cassava flour as a source of RAC significantly increased the production of VFA, and TDN value (P<0.05), but significantly decreased NH3 production. Average VFA production were 56.67 (T0), 63.33 (T1), 73.33 (T2) and 66.67 mM. Average NH3 production were 5.61 (T0), 5.28 (T1), 5.06 (T2) and 5.04 mM. Average TDN value were were 50.47 (T0), 5.28 (T1), 5.06 (T2) and 5.04%. It can be concluded that supplementation of cassava flour as a source of RAC increase VFA production and TDN value whith supplementation of 5% RAC and reduces NH3 production.

Hematology profile of Pengging duck (Anas javanica) in starter period in response to Lactobacillus Salivarius I-11 probiotics as a feed additive and an alternative to replace antibiotics

2025-10-28T18:04:31+03:00

The study was conducted with the purpose of studying the hematology profile of Pengging Duck (Anas javanica) in starter period given with probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius I-11 as feed additives as an alternative to replace antibiotics. The completely randomized design with 4, 5 replications and 10 units. There were 200 DOD male Pengging Ducks that are classified into 4 different treatments, that were: Treatment P0= Control, P1= Antibiotics, P2= 1 ml Probiotics Lactobacillus salivarius I-11; P3= 2 ml Probiotics Lactobacillus salivarius I-11. The parameters were duck blood profiles (in terms of the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit) and lymphocyte cell types (lymphocytes, heterophil and heterophil-lymphocytes ratio). Statistical analysis showed that control ducks had significantly lower amounts of erythrocytes, leucocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit (P <0.05) than those that were given antibiotics and probiotics. The result of statistical analysis showed that duck treated with Lactobacillus salivarius I-11 had percentage of lymphocyte cell and ratio of real lymphocyte heterophil (p < 0.05) lower than the control treatment group, but it is not significantly different in comparison to the antibiotics treatments. Providing I ml of Lactobacillus salivarius I-11 probiotics as feed additives can replace the use of antibiotics in ducks during the starter period which was observed from their hematological profile.

Characteristics of cecal and short-chain fatty acid production in broiler chickens fed diets with encapsulated Medinilla speciosa fruit extract

2025-10-28T18:05:17+03:00

This research investigated the impact of encapsulated Medinilla speciosa fruit extract on the cecal profile and the production of short-chain fatty acids in broiler chickens. The experiment involved 240 unsexed Ross strain broiler chickens, each 8 days old, with an average weight of 203.12 ± 2.03 g. The diets for both the starter and finisher phases were composed of yellow corn, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal, limestone, premix, lysine, and methionine. This study used a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates; each unit had 10 birds. Treatments included T0 (basal diet without Medinilla speciosa fruit extract (MSFE) or encapsulated Medinilla speciosa fruit extract (EMSFE)), T1 (basal diet+0.08% MSFE), T2 (basal diet+0.02% EMSFE), T3 (basal diet+0.04% EMSFE), T4 (basal diet+0.06% EMSFE), and T5 (basal diet+0.08% EMSFE). The measured parameters included total lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, pH, total acid, cecal length, relative weight, and SCFA production (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a 5% significance level. Duncan's test was conducted at the 5% significance level when the treatment effects were significant (p<0.05). The results showed that EMSFE addition had significant effects (p<0.05) on total lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, total acid pH, and butyric acid, but not on cecal length, relative weight, acetate, and propionate. In conclusion, adding 0.04-0.08% EMSFE increased total lactic acid bacteria and butyric acid production and decreased Escherichia coli, pH, and total acid, while cecal length, relative weight, acetate, and propionate remained unchanged.

Association of SNP g.3272 T/C in the leptin gene with reproductive traits in Brahman Cross and Belgian Blue Crossbred

2025-10-04T18:49:35+03:00

This study investigates the role of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) g.3272 T/C in the leptin gene as a genetic marker for enhancing reproductive efficiency in Brahman Cross and Belgian Blue crossbred cattle in Indonesia. A total of 27 Belgian Blue crossbred and 10 Brahman Cross cows were evaluated for reproductive traits, including age at puberty, age at first mating, postpartum estrus (PPE), postpartum mating (PPM), and service per conception (S/C). SNP analysis was performed using PCR-RFLP with the HindIII enzyme, and verification was carried out by sequencing. Visual estrus symptoms, estrogen levels, vaginal epithelial cell distribution, and reproductive performance were all found to be significantly (P<0.05) correlated with SNP g.3272 T/C in three genotypes (TT, TC, and CC). PPE (78.50±1.29 days), age at first mating, and the youngest age at puberty (19.50±1.29 months) were all improved in Brahman Cross cattle with the TT genotype. The TC genotype of F1 Belgian Blue cattle performed the best, with the youngest PPE (75.80±1.92 days), age at first mating, and puberty (18.85±0.56 months). Both populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Both Brahman Cross and Belgian Blue crossbred cattle had the same Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values, which were 0.37. These findings suggest that SNP g.3272 T/C of the leptin gene is a promising marker for genetic selection intended to improve the reproductive efficiency of crossbred cattle and advance Indonesia's sustainable livestock productivity.

Identification of mutation points in the prolactin (PRL) gene as genetic marker candidate in Kedu chicken

2025-10-28T18:06:19+03:00

This research aimed to identify point mutations in the PRL gene in Kedu chickens. The materials used were 15 female Kedu chickens aged 6-7 months, consisting of red comb black Kedu, black comb black Kedu, and white Kedu chickens. The research included blood sampling, DNA extraction, amplification of the PRL gene through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), electrophoresis, sequencing, and data analysis. The parameters observed were the identification of point mutations, genotype frequency, allele frequency, and heterozygosity. Data analysis was performed using MEGA 12 and dnaSP.v6. The results showed a point mutation in the PRL gene in Kedu chickens located at site 454. The genotype frequency of CC was 0.067, while CT and TT were 0.666 and 0.267, respectively. The frequency of allele C was 0.4 and allele T was 0.6. The heterozygosity value was 0.48, which is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be concluded that a mutation was found at point 454 C > T in the presence of alleles C and T, forming the genotypes CC, CT, and TT. The observed heterozygosity value was moderate, indicating that the studied population still shows relatively diverse genetic variation. Further research is needed to determine its association with the reproductive traits of Kedu chickens.

Research note: Pre-weaning performance in Indonesian Local Rabbits and Crossbred Progeny with Exotic Bucks

2025-10-28T18:07:06+03:00

This research assessed the pre-weaning growth of local rabbits (L × L) and their hybrids with New Zealand White (NZW × L) and Hycole (HL × L) bucks, concentrating on birth weight, weekly body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and growth trends. The findings indicated that the crossbred kits (NZW × L: 53.51 ± 12.07 g; HL × L: 51.09 ± 10.21 g) had notably higher birth weights compared to the local kits (40.67 ± 10.69 g; p < 0.0001). Throughout the weeks, the body weights of the crossbred groups consistently exceeded those of the L × L group, with NZW × L kits reaching 907.49 ± 199.95 g by the sixth week, in contrast to 785.90 ± 150.87 g (HL × L) and 602.24 ± 79.57 g (L × L). The ADG was significantly greater in the crossbreds, peaking at 39.99 ± 17.04 g/day (NZW × L) during weeks 5–6, compared to 24.79 ± 6.24 g (HL × L) and 18.84 ± 3.71 g (L × L). The growth curves showed accelerated gains in the crossbreds, attributed to heterosis and enhanced genetic potential. These results highlight that crossbreeding local rabbits with NZW and Hycole bucks improves pre-weaning growth performance, emphasizing the advantages of strategic genetic enhancement in smallholder rabbit farming.

Meta-analysis: Effect of forage and concentrate ratio on reproduction, quality, and quantity of milk in dairy cows

2025-10-28T18:07:53+03:00

Dairy cows require a balanced intake of nutrients from forages and concentrates to support rumen health and optimize milk production. This study used to identify the ideal ratio between forages and concentrates varies depending on the parameters measured. This meta-analysis research used methods by utilizing scientific publications in the form of journals with reproduction parameters including service per conception, calving interval, conception rate, and production parameters including milk production, milk protein, milk fat, milk lactose, and dry matter intake (DMI). This research was completed in April 2025. For milk production, milk fat, lactose, and S/C, a 50:50 ratio is considered most effective, while to increase milk protein content, CI, and CR, a 70:30 ratio is more recommended. The 60:40 ratio increases DMI of dairy cows. The right feed balance is not only important for digestive health but also affects energy efficiency, which in turn impacts milk production and cow reproduction. The study results revealed that applying the 50:50 ratio further improves the production and reproduction parameters of dairy cows.

Comparative analysis of amino acid profiles from the 13 mtDNA protein-coding genes in New Zealand White and Indonesia local rabbits

2025-11-01T20:43:22+02:00

This study aimed to characterize the amino acid profiles of 13 mtDNA protein-coding genes in Indonesian local rabbits and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from liver tissue to obtain complete mtDNA sequences using long-read sequencing technology (Nanopore). The mtDNA sequences were aligned to identify amino acid variations in the 13 mtDNA protein-coding genes, including ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5, ND6, COX1, COX2, COX3, ATP6, ATP8, and CYTB. Results showed that the amino acid composition in both strains was largely conserved, with leucine as the dominant residue. Minor variations were observed, such as higher phenylalanine in Indonesia local rabbits and slightly lower isoleucine in NZW rabbits, suggesting potential differences in energy metabolism and physiological adaptation. Low proportions of cysteine, arginine, and aspartate were found in both strains, reflecting their limited structural role. Overall, the amino acid composition patterns of mtDNA were highly conserved (dominated by Leu, Ile, Phe, and Ser), although small but significant differences in certain genes, such as ND4L, COX1, and ND2, may be associated with genetic adaptation, domestication history, and physiological performance of the two strains.

Enhancing nutritional value of cassava cobs through Aspergillus niger fermentation: A sustainable approach for animal feed

2025-11-01T20:45:16+02:00

Cassava cobs, a by-product of cassava processing, have the potential to be utilized as a sustainable alternative feed source for livestock. However, their low protein content and high fiber composition limit their direct application. This study investigated the effect of solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger on the nutritional profile of cassava cobs. Cassava cobs were incubated with A. niger at concentrations of 0, 2.5 and 5% and fermented for 0, 2, and 4 days. The fermented products were analyzed for measurement of proximate composition, fiber fractions, digestible crude protein, and digestibility. The data were analysed using factorial design. The results showed that fermentation with A. niger significantly improved the nutritional value of cassava cobs. Fiber content decreased from 32.57% to 25.42%, while digestible crude protein increased from 41.24% to 51.00% at 5% inoculum and 4 days of fermentation. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were reduced, with a concomitant increase in their digestibility. This study demonstrates that solid-state fermentation with A. niger as a viable method to enhance the nutritional quality of cassava cobs, supporting their use a functional feed ingredient for sustainable livestock production.

Nutritional drivers of milk yield and composition in Sapera dairy goats: Insights from smallholder farms in Central Java, Indonesia

2025-11-02T05:10:31+02:00

This study investigated the relationship between nutrient intake specifically dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and milk production, as well as milk lactose and protein content, in Sapera dairy goats managed by smallholder farmers in Central Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted from December 2023 to February 2024 using 42 Sapera goats in their second lactation (1–2 months in milk) from six farms. Feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition were measured, and relationships between nutrient intake and production traits were analyzed using both linear and quadratic regression models. The average body weight of goats was 44.17 ± 5.48 kg, with DM and CP intakes of 1.96 ± 0.65 kg/day and 0.31 ± 0.36 kg/day, respectively. Average milk yield was 1.81 ± 0.34 kg/day, with lactose and protein yields of 0.07 ± 0.01 kg/day each. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between DM intake and milk yield, lactose yield, and protein yield, as well as between CP intake and milk protein yield. In all cases, quadratic models explained the relationships better than linear models, indicating that milk production and composition increased with nutrient intake up to an optimum level before plateauing. These findings highlight the critical role of adequate but balanced nutrient intake in optimizing milk yield and quality in Sapera goats. The results provide practical insights for improving feeding strategies in smallholder dairy goat production systems in Indonesia.

Comparative evaluation of five commercial broiler feeds on carcass traits in Indonesia

2025-11-02T05:13:13+02:00

The research aimed to evaluate effect of various commercial feeds on broiler carcass traits. Three hundred unsexed DOC broilers Cobb strain with body weight of 46.68 ± 0.86 g were allocated in completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments applied were providing commercial feed from 5 different producing companies in Indonesia, including prestarter, starter and finisher, produced during 2022 and used by partnership companies as follows: Commercial feed produced by companies A, B, C, D and E. Maintenance carried out according to the partnership company's SOP. Data collection was carried out at 29 days. Parameters observed included carcass production (live weight, carcass weight and percentage, breast meat percentage, non-carcass weight and percentage, abdominal fat percentage), and carcass quality (carcass grade, whole carcass price, total feed costs and Gross Carcass Profit (GCP). Obtained data were analysed for variance. Commercial feed of companies A and D produced significantly higher breast meat percentage (P<0.05) than feed from company B. On the other hand, the commercial feed of company B produced significantly higher abdominal fat percentage (P <0.05) compared to other commercial feeds. Live weight, weight and percentage of carcasses and non-carcasses were not significantly influenced by treatments (P>0.05). Feeding commercial feeds from companies A and D significantly resulted in higher GCP (P<0.05) compared to feed from company B. Providing commercial feed B and C resulted in a significantly higher total feed cost (P<0.05) compared to feed from companies A, D, and E. Whole carcasses price and grade were not significantly influenced by treatments (P> 0.05). It could be concluded that commercial feed produced by companies A and D provides the best results for broiler carcass traits.

Genetic and non-genetic factors influencing sperm motilities of beef bulls during cryopreservation process

2025-10-03T13:11:23+03:00

This study aimed to evaluate genetic and non-genetic factors affecting motility after the cryopreservation process. Sperm motility records of five breeds of Bulls were obtained from Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center of Indonesia. A data set comprised 36754 records of ejaculation collected from 143 bulls. The records comprised progressive motility of fresh semen (PMFS), pre-freeze motility of liquid semen (PMLS), and post-thawing motility (PTM). The MIXED procedure with Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons and Pearson correlation of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was used for data analysis. This study shows that breed, season, age, and ejaculation influence the PMFS. In five breeds, the youngest bulls produced fresh semen with the lowest progressive motility. The highest PMFS occurs at high precipitation in Bali, Limousin, and Simmental. PMFS for Brahman and Ongole Grade was not significantly affected by precipitation. The first ejaculate is higher than the second ejaculate except for the Limousin and Simmental. PMLS and PTM were significantly different between the breeds. PMLS of Bali, and Limousine bulls were significant between different seasons, whereas that of Brahman, Ongole Grade, and Simental were not. The differences in the age of bulls were not shown in Bali bulls. PTM for all the breeds was significant between different seasons, except for Ongole Grade bull. All breeds showed the highest PTM in the season with medium precipitation, except for Ongole Grade bull. The highest post-thawing motility in five breeds was observed in the youngest bull. The heritability value of motility traits is included in the medium category (0.23 – 0.28). The phenotypic correlation between the motility of fresh semen, liquid semen, and frozen semen was low (0.14-0.15) but still correlated (p<0.05).

Incorporation of green-synthetized ZnONPs in chitosan coating on the internal quality of chicken eggs

2025-09-09T18:42:14+03:00

Chicken eggs as one of nutritious food have limiting shelf life. Incorporating ZnONP derived from green synthesis methods using plant extract in composite coating with chitosan might help extending the chicken eggs shelf life. The research involved the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via ethanolic Menta piperita extract, incorporation in chitosan then followed by coating application on chicken eggs. The coated eggs were stored for 6 weeks. The coating treatments include chitosan 1%; chitosan + ZnONP 0.05%; chitosan + ZnONP 0.1% and control. Parameter observed involved weight loss; Haugh Unit, egg yolk index, pH, air sac diameter and microbial test. The results indicated that The ZnONP derived from ethanolic Menta piperita extract, which contained 96.69 ± 0.06 mg EAG/g phenol, yielded relatively homogenous nanoparticles ranging from 50.38 to 99.87 nm. The integration of ZnO nanoparticles into the chitosan matrix as a coating material can reduce egg spoilage, thereby extending their shelf life. Egg coated over six weeks storage showed that the chitosan-based coating reduced the weight loss, enhanced the Haugh units value, and egg yolk index and maintain pH compared to control. Incorporation of ZnONP in chitosan did not enhance coating performance significantly compared to chitosan itshelf.