Cows Postpartum Polymorbid Pathology

Abstract

The postpartum period is one of the most important moments in a female's life. During this period caused by pregnancy and childbirth involutional changes in the reproductive system and the body as a whole occurs, which plays a crucial role in restoring reproductive function and milk productivity of cows. In this regard, the puerperium is the basis for structural and functional disorders in individual organs and systems, the disposition for the development of pathological processes and the negative impact on the reproduction of the herd, impaired fertility, calf yield and milk productivity. Diseases during the postpartum period in cows have species and age polymorbidity, specific in highly productive animals and first-borns and are especially common in hypovitaminosis and trace elements. Their occurrence is associated with unsatisfactory conditions for keeping and feeding cattle, mainly in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods of the year, especially during the stable keeping of cows. The pathogenesis is based on metabolic disorders and endocrine dysfunctions with a decrease in the body's resistance, which is complicated by the action of adverse environmental factors. Puerperal pathologies are quite common and described in the literature as individual diseases, but limited ‒ by their combination (co-, poly- and multimorbidity, multiorgan failure, multiple, complex, combined and concomitant pathology, associated and multifactorial diseases or polypathy). Options of combining postpartum pathologies are diverse with the involvement of metro- and ovariopathies, udder diseases, fallopian tubes and metabolism in the form of inflammatory processes and dysfunctions. The hypogonadism development on the background of chronic metritis, or endometritis complicated by ovarian dysfunction, or subclinical chronic endometritis with hypoluteolysis, salpingo-oophoritis and salpingitis is widespread. Postpartum inflammatory processes in the genitals are the cause of prolonged symptomatic infertility and are often registered in the form of acute endometritis in combination with inflammatory processes of other genitals. For example, inflammation of the endometrium in many cases is accompanied by inflammation of the mucous membrane of other parts of the genitals ‒ cervicitis, vaginitis, vestibulitis. Quite often the simultaneous course of inflammatory processes in the genitals and udder of cows, as well as pathologies of the uterus and ovaries are registered. Thus, one of the most common combined pathologies of the postpartum period in cows is acute subinvolution of the uterus with acute metritis.

As a result, it should be noted that in the case of organ pathology, a combination in the form of hypogonadism-metritis, hypocalcemia-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis, retained placenta-metritis, ketosis-hypoluteolysis, ketosis-metritis, mastitis-metritis and uterine subinvolution-metritis, and of multiorgans – vaginitis-vestibulitis-metritis-subinvolution of the uterus-cervicitis, vaginitis-metritis-cervicitis, hypocalcemia-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis-salpingitis-salpingo-oophoritis, retained placenta-mastitis-metritis, ketosis-mastitis-metritis.