Risk of antimicrobial and multidrug resistance on Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in public health

Abstract

Escherichia coli is a harmful bacterium commonly found in poultry species like chickens, ducks, quails, and turkeys, which can lead to colibacillosis. This illness is caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a highly virulent strain that poses a risk of transmission through the food chain, endangering human health. Managing infections in poultry frequently involves the widespread use of antibiotics, which promotes the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR). The global use of antibiotics in livestock is a significant issue, with an estimated 63,000 tons used annually, expected to rise to 105,500 tons by 2030. Antibiotic residues found in poultry products, such as meat and eggs, can enter the human food supply, contributing to antibiotic resistance and diminishing the effectiveness of treatments for human infections. The transmission of APEC occurs through horizontal pathways, including direct contact between poultry via feces and the environment, and vertical transmission via eggs from infected breeders. Additionally, APEC can spread through water, feed, and environmental contamination. Antibiotic residues in poultry products can cause allergic reactions, cancer, reproductive issues, and toxicity in humans. The consequences of antimicrobial resistance include higher rates of illness, death, and healthcare costs, with the potential for further escalation.